Editorial Standards

We distinguish existing scholarship, original peer-reviewed research, graduate research, factual news summaries, and analysis. Every publication requires editorial authorization. We assess sources, evidence, attribution, and conflicts; conservative orientation does not predetermine findings.

Original research selected for review normally receives two qualified, conflict-free double-anonymous reviews. Reviewers preserve confidentiality. Authors may respond to decisions and appeal procedural errors through the editor. No fee purchases acceptance. Donors and sponsors do not control conclusions.

AI-assisted work is labeled and remains the responsibility of the human editor. We do not fabricate reporting, quotations, interviews, citations, or documentary images. Generated artwork is identified as illustrative.